Retnakaran, R. et al. Risk factors for renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: U. K. Prospective Diabetes Study 74.
Participants: Seventy patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery with one or more predefined risk factors for renal dysfunction.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that renal function was preserved in patients at increased risk for renal dysfunction after cardiac surgery when low-dose fenoldopam was used in the perioperative period.
To date, however, the development of an early marker for renal dysfunction in the ICU remains elusive [17].
Post-operatively, ongoing therapy of oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg BD (adjusted for renal dysfunction, total of 14 doses), hourly ciprofloxacin 0.3% drops and hourly gentamicin 1.5% drops were implemented.
Recently a new scenario has been proposed for renal dysfunction with the coining of the term "renal disease" (RD) as a whole, integrating the classic terms of CKD, the no so classic AKI and the emergent AoC renal disease.
The observed increase in IL-6 levels following saline resuscitation in septic animals and its association with increased AKI risk provide an additional explanation for renal dysfunction during sepsis resuscitation treatment [38].
Multivariate analyses of potential risk factors for renal dysfunction (including age, hypertension, diabetes, diuretics, and duration of lithium treatment), suggested that lithium is an important factor when eGFR is lower than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (Rej et al. 2014c).
Serum creatinine as the current gold standard indicator for renal dysfunction is mainly eliminated via glomerular filtration, but glomeruli are less susceptible to an event of ischemia-reperfusion, and tubular injury occurs before a decline in glomerular filtration is noted [10].
Dosage adjustments for renal dysfunction are provided (Table 1).
For some agents, dose reduction is required for renal dysfunction.
