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The standard of evidence for precautionary action has to be the preponderance of evidence, not evidence beyond a shadow of doubt.
If experiential data from patients had been assessed alongside quantitative data from the NJR, this should have made a difference to the regulator's assessment of which group to prioritise for precautionary action.
While awaiting more definite evidence, existing uncertainties should be considered in light of the need for precautionary action to protect brain development.
The organochlorine compounds are banned in the United States, so findings are not directly actionable, but if the study had shown an effect, it would have strengthened the existing evidence from studies of pharmaceutical estrogens that exogenous hormones contribute to breast cancer, adding support for precautionary action regarding other EDCs.
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In practical terms, this means decision makers have to choose which group or aspect of the system they prioritise for precautionary actions.
A mean score of 2.9 (SD = 0.5) was obtained for precautionary actions.
Based on their findings, the resultant report argued for precautionary actions and for limiting unnecessary uses of commonly used pesticides.
In the event of a local outbreak, workers expressed various levels of acceptance for precautionary actions, ranging from 15.8% (56) for reducing work hours to 82.4% (290) for seeking medical care for influenza-like symptoms.
For environmental issues, this mode of evidence has significant repercussions to concepts of precautionary action.
For example, the lack of full scientific proof concerning the adverse effects of asbestos and the delay of precautionary action had devasting consequencies to human health [ World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology COMESTT) 2005].
Existing uncertainties should not be used as an excuse for rejecting precautionary action.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com