In conclusion, modelling can extend the information available to policy-makers by providing predictions of the likely impact and cost-effectiveness for settings, for outcomes and for multiple strategies where, for practical reasons, trials cannot be carried out.
Modelling can extend the information available by predicting impact and cost-effectiveness for scenarios, for outcomes and for multiple strategies where, for practical reasons, trials cannot be carried out.
Building on Peto and Tunis, we recently made the case for practical clinical trials in psychiatry [ 5].
In these "pragmatic trials" [27], "real world trials" [28], or "practical trials" [29] there are no defined study visits and no special requirements for the patients, which would go beyond what is necessary for treatment.
Nonetheless, if assisted migration is to be considered for practical implementation, field trials should be performed to test for any unwanted side effects of introductions to a given area and to assess its general likelihood of success [74].
So our proposed methods should be most efficient when there is a small number of (such as two or three) doses being tested, as is often the case for practical phase II trials with a goal of identifying the MaxED when assuming ordered response rates.
For practical reasons, this trial was conducted in two parts.
For practical reasons, the trial started in two phases (201 participants in March 2010 and 208 in March 2011), the follow-up measurements will be carried out in spring 2012 and 2013, respectively.
Ideally, the quality of prostheses should be evaluated in high-powered randomized clinical trials, but for practical and economic reasons (Black 1996) such trials are seldom performed for long-term comparison of hip implants.
Furthermore, it may even be amenable for large practical clinical trials in the community, which are indispensable for the study of the relative effectiveness and optimization of our current treatment option for this complex and dynamic disease.
