Figure 23 shows the comparison for four gauges in the case of perpendicular loading (Load Case IA): two located in a compression-loaded main member, and two in a tensile-loaded main member.
Figure 22 shows the strain results for the top mast in the case of perpendicular loading in which only the maximum and minimum strain values are shown for clarity.
An observation that can be made is that for the perpendicular load case, the graph exhibits softening post-buckling behaviour after exceeding the peak load.
For the perpendicular load case, the comparison of results between strains obtained experimentally and using FEA is shown in Figs. 22, 23, 24 and 25.
The lack of plastic deformation at the GB, in the perpendicular loading case, can decrease the stress required for void nucleation.
We simulated the nanoindentation process by applying perpendicular loading along the (001) direction.
In conclusion, the laterally flattened thin-walled hollow structure of the ossified bronchial half-rings of the zebra finch syrinx indicates that these bones are optimized for low weight while maintaining strength and are subjected to perpendicular loads in vivo [ 75- 77].
In the perpendicular Load Case IA, both main legs, which are in compression, failed simultaneously.
