It must be remembered, however, that efficiency depends not only on the nature of the writing system but also on the functions required of it by its users, for orthographies are invented to serve particular cultural purposes.
Our goal was to reveal neural substrates for computing phonology from orthography, a process that may involve semantic access to varying degrees depending on the type of stimulus.
We utilized this opportunity to explore why this region seems to be crucial for the recognition of orthography and other visually demanding stimuli, with damage to left vOT often leading to the clinical presentation of pure alexia in the context of other visual recognition deficits (see below).
The longer response latencies elicited by reading low-frequency words may arise from multiple sources, one of which is the relative difficulty of mapping from orthography to phonology (for a review see Monsell 1991).
In Experiment 3, we examined word and picture activations for both tasks (one-back identity and reading/naming) and for each orthography separately and summed over orthography.
The words were chosen by MYLA GOLDBERG, the author of the novel "Bee Season," about a 9-year-old with a gift for competitive orthography.
The morphemic unit is so fundamental to the reading process that some linguists have concluded that, for an orthography to be practical and efficient, it is more important to provide an invariant visual form for each meaningful unit than for each sound unit.
The German language manual Empfehlungen des Rats für Deutsche Rechtschreibung ("Recommendations of the Council for German Orthography") (2006) does not address sentence spacing.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging data revealed distributed neural systems for mapping orthography directly to phonology, involving left supramarginal, posterior middle temporal, and fusiform gyri.
Thus, the current results, in addition to studies of neurodegenerative disorders, suggest that during reading the semantic system may be functionally segregated, with the angular gyrus and precuneus/posterior cingulate supporting semantic feature knowledge, and the left MTG/ITS utilizing semantic information for mapping orthography to phonology.
In 1972, however, a Congress of Orthography held in Tiranë, Alb., formulated rules for a unified literary language based on the two dialects.
