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To estimate mechanical properties to be used for numerical analyses of railway bridges, experimental tests on railway ballast have been performed within the framework of the European research project DETAILS (Design for optimal life cycle costs of high-speed railway bridges by enhanced monitoring systems), supported by the European RFCS-Fund.
In the remaining sections we move on the analysis by setting q = 2 (1−k), because it is the simplest assumption leading to a non-zero generation time which enables us to obtain analytical solutions for optimal life history.
In addition to resource-dependent trade-offs, life-history theory predicts that in iteroparous organisms an increase in extrinsic mortality selects for optimal life history that shifts towards earlier reproduction, and higher reproductive effort [8].
Age at maturation for optimal life histories with combination of trawls and gillnets.
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In one of our scenarios for yield, we rescaled the Beverton Holt recruitment curve for each optimal life history strategy so that the equilibrium population always produced the same number of recruits (see Fig. S1b in the online appendix).
Growth rate is an essential factor for an optimal life history strategy in teleosts [ 47], and while the lack of natural selection in the domestic environment might allow extreme phenotypes to adapt to the predator-free environment, such phenotypes might be maladaptive in the wild and hence selected against, resulting in deviating optimal phenotypes between these environments.
For example, choosing whether to settle for a less than optimal life partner or risking up ending up alone in the hope that a superior mate will later be available.
To me, it's not even a moral issue, but an issue of how do I provide the best, and most optimal life for them where they are free and capable of getting the most out of life without any roadblocks, especially at a young age as their minds are still developing and they don't have the capability to understand the world around them.
In addition to being an optimal life stage for preconception interventions, adolescence has been recognised as a key development phase for the establishment of future patterns of adult health [ 20], presenting an opportunity to intervene and positively impact on individuals' health trajectories into adulthood.
We then predict the observed distribution of life histories by using forward iteration (Mangel and Clark 1988; Clark and Mangel 2000) to determine the optimal life history pathways for fish of the sizes and recent growth rates observed empirically during the decision window time periods in each river.
Recommendations are made for suspension characteristic selection for optimal structural life.
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