After the 4-week intervention with soy protein (~48 mg isoflavones/day), the mean total isoflavone concentration was 2.16 μmol/l for equol producers (n=4) and 1.30 μmol/l for non-producers (n=11, Table 2).
Median plasma total isoflavone concentrations after the soy food and supplement interventions were respectively 2.16 and 3.47 μmol/l for equol producers and 1.30 and 2.39 μmol/l for non-producers.
In the studies with isoflavone supplements (~100 mg/day), the mean total isoflavone concentration after 8 weeks exposure to isoflavones (daidzein, equol, genistein and glycitein) was 3.47 μmol/l for equol producers (n=38) and 2.39 μmol/l for non-producers (n=50).
For daidzein, equol and total isoflavones, the model also accounted for equol producer status (prod; 1 for producer, 0 for non-producer) and its interaction with intake: when original values for concentration were 0, 0.5 times the limit of detection was used to enable loge transformation of the data, that is, 0.02 for daidzein, equol, genistein and total isoflavones and 0.055 for glycitein.
Most effective drug for the ESBL non producers was found to be imipenem which was susceptible to 45 (91.84 %) out of 49 isolates, followed by amikacin susceptible to 35 (71.43 %) isolates and nitrofurantoin susceptible to 34 (69.39 %) isolates.
As mentioned already, the three-step approach is a recent introduction to the literature by Burke et al. (2015) which argues for the introduction of non-producers in the first stage and thus overcomes the weakness of the two-step approach to handle the three stages.
Comparison of susceptibility rates of ESBL producers with those of ESBL non producers showed similar values for amoxicillin, ampicillin and imipenem.
A possible explanation for this asymmetry is that the fitness advantage of non-producers when rare is also driven to some extent by a greater population size when producers are common [ 11, 21], as was observed here at low and intermediate non-producer frequencies.
In conclusion we have provided evidence for the robustness and reliability of our RT-PCR protocol in discriminating mycotoxin producer from non-producer strains of A. flavus.
The model is helpful for the biofuels industry (mainly for non-ethanol producers) as a tool to compare feedstocks and pretreatment process costs [ 1].
The resolution odds were 68 times higher for non-slime producers (p = 0.001) and were not influenced by oxacillin resistance among vancomycin-treated cases (p = 0.89).
