James Hick, a spokesman for Manpower, said: "The national living wage is sending shockwaves through the UK labour market.
Five years later, the president named him to succeed Daniel Patrick Moynihan as assistant secretary of labor for manpower.
In the United States, technology has rarely been used as a substitute for manpower in fighting fires.
To compensate for manpower losses, immigration barriers were lowered, and two million foreign workers flooded into the country.
The emphasis was consistently on the economic need for manpower, of the right age, health and fitness.
And in any event, by Oct. 8, 1863, the Confederacy's sheer need for manpower had overwhelmed all other considerations.
He left after forcing his generals to fight a war testing his theory that intelligence, mobility and lethality of weapons could substitute for manpower.
Lawrence J. Korb, senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, was assistant secretary for manpower at the Department of Defense from 1981 to 1985.
"Whenever New York City gets busy and we have any unemployment at all, our sister locals have always called on us for manpower," he said.
The Army directive, dated Dec. 26, 2000, was written by Patrick T. Henry, who was assistant secretary of the Army for manpower and reserve affairs.
Likewise, an emphasis on information technology can increase the strength of the force while it reduces the need for manpower, the single most expensive aspect of today's military.
