This could be responsible for low force generation producing global hypotonia, muscle akinesia, and arthrogryposis.
When testing the Thomas™ tube holder at test point 10, the tube would slip to the side of the clamp allowing for low force extubation.
The task rats reached forward into a portal, extended their forearm, grabbed a handle and then exerted a target isometric pull for at least 50 ms at a force effort of either 15% (0.23 Newtons) or 53% (1.02 Newtons) of their average maximum pulling force (± 5%), for low force or high force, respectively, as appropriate for their group, for a food reward (Table 1; Additional file 1: Figure S1).
For low forcing, the estimated increase in cooling energy use was 18.5% in Harbin, 20.4% in Beijing, 11.4% in Shanghai, 24.2% in Kunming and 14.1% in Hong Kong; and the reduction in heating 22.3% in Harbin, 26.6% in Beijing, 55.7% in Shanghai, 13.8% in Kunming and 23.6% in Hong Kong.
For low forces, these are well described by the worm-like chain (WLC) model of a polymer.
A prototype spindle for low-force, low-speed applications that is kinematically constrained in accordance with the principles of exact constraint was designed, fabricated, and tested.
We demonstrate thin-film repulsive-force electrostatic actuators that employ a new electrode pattern and are useful for low-force actuation applications.
Second, we propose an optimal control with friction compensation and disturbance rejection which is enhanced by a feedforward control for the low force range.
This design is passively controlled, has a high axial/lateral stiffness ratio, is ideal for clean sensitive applications, and can be designed for a range of low forces.
For instance, a very low force (∼18 μN) is needed by a mosquito to pierce its proboscis into human skin, which is at least three orders of magnitude smaller than the force for an artificial microneedle with an ultra-sharp tip (Kong and Wu, 2009).
Conversely, at test points 3 and 5, using the Lillehei method with adhesive tape required an unremarkable force to reach 2 cm displacement but a relatively low force for 5 cm displacement due to the fact that the tape was seeing stresses at approximately 45°, producing maximum shear stress values resulting in tape failure.
