The model allows accounting for the accumulation of the damage for loading levels below the damage yield surface used in the classical models.
It is observed that such kind of composite presents an elasto viscoplastic behavior – the rate dependency only occurs for loading levels above a given elasticity limit.
The approach is based on the framework of continuum damage mechanics where the fatigue model is derived by means of Marigo's formulation where the yield concept is replaced by a loading unloading irreversibility concept allowing to account for damage accumulation even for loading levels below the yield surface.
The results obtained confirm an important effect of the creep phenomenon on pultruded GFRP profiles, with small-scale specimens having failed for load levels as low as 50% of the ultimate stress; in addition, the creepocity measured on both types of elements was quite significant after the first hours, even for an average load level of 30%.
The PEV driving patterns and the frequency of trips information along with the network's forecasted load is used to schedule the PEVs for load levelling application via valley filling mechanism, as shown in Fig. 3.
Moreover, within this load range G is independent of defect size and a parabolic curve fit, shown as a dashed line in Figure 7, gives a conservative estimative of G values for defects up to 70 mm in size, even for load levels above 400 N/mm.
The three rows correspond to different choices for the loading level: strain proxy PGVsoft/V S30 on top, spectral ordinates at the stiff-site PSAstiff (T) in the middle and PSAstiff at the 0.0 s (bottom).
Fig. 10 Comparison of the NL components of site amplification for different descriptions of the loading level, for the one-SCP ANN model using V S30.
The strain compliance principle establishes the equality of the mean strains, estimated for a given loading level by a mean strain approach and the stress transfer approaches.
They reported higher energy absorption by the T-beam as opposed to the composite plate, for the same loading level.
