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Engineered cartilage is used for joint repairs.
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Osiris has a bone-making preparation of stem cells, Osteocel, in clinical trials, and is working with animals to develop cartilage-making cells for joint repair and heart muscle cells for heart attack victims.
Preclinical studies demonstrate that bioengineered neocartilage survives allogeneic and xenogeneic transplantation, suggesting the utility of universal donor-derived neocartilage for joint repair.
Degenerative joint disease, which affects one-fifth of the US population and is the country's leading cause of disability, drives current research of actively growing, functional tissue grafts for joint repair.
In this review, we discuss the requirements for engineering customized, anatomically-shaped, stratified grafts for joint repair and the challenges of designing these grafts to provide immediate functionality (load bearing, structural support) and long-term regeneration (maturation, integration, remodeling).
Besides MSCs, human ESCs may represent promising candidates for joint repair.
Here, for joint repair, scaffolds combined with chemotactic molecules and joint tissue formation-stimulating factors are transplanted, resulting in the in situ recruitment of bone marrow MSCs to the defect sites of degenerated cartilage and bone and their subsequent use for factor-guided joint repair.
This may pave the way for cell-based joint repair.
The application of composite silk fibroin and CS scaffolds for joint cartilage repair has not been well studied.
Today, autologous chondrocytes represent the only cell type routinely used for joint cartilage repair.
An alternative or complementary approach for joint tissue repair would be the controlled delivery of molecular signals to mesenchymal progenitors reported within the joint environment [ 12- 18] with support of the subsequent steps of repair, including proliferation, patterning, and differentiation in vivo.
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