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Since it is representative, this tap water contamination data can be used for integrated exposure assessment, in conjunction with diet and environmental (dust and soil) exposure data.
Previous studies (He et al. 2013; Hinners et al. 2012; Wickre et al. 2004; Xun et al. 2013) have assessed toenail Hg for integrated exposure estimates.
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Available information systems and building of integrated exposure-disease pathways will give policymakers much more useful input in future for more efficient regulations than a large number of agent- and disease-specific studies.
For the participants from England, this integrated exposure metric accounted for boiling and filtering of the drinking water and incorporated THM uptake factors from biomonitoring studies for ingestion, showering, bathing, and swimming (Smith et al. 2009).
The one-time serum measurements collected during 2005 2006 allow for validation of the integrated exposure and pharmacokinetic model but also raise the question of whether the limited cross-sectional serum data should be used to calibrate the retrospective exposure predictions.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency employs a model, the integrated exposure biokinetic (IEUBK) model for lead in children, for the assessment of risks to children posed by environmental lead at hazardous waste sites.
Regression models were based on average personal PNC during the whole measurement period or on the integrated exposure, determined separately for the periods when the subjects were in the home and away.
The integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model for lead in children was developed to provide plausible blood lead distributions corresponding to particular combinations of multimedia lead exposure.
The integrated exposure and dose modeling application presented in this article for As has not been attempted before for a large general population (e.g., the U.S. general population), to our knowledge, in the exposure-related literature.
The integrated exposure uptake biokinetic (IEUBK) model is a dynamic mathematical model that has been discretized for execution on a digital computer.
This, in our opinion, gives weight to the integrated exposure approach we propose.
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