A simple version of this approach identifies certain side-constraints to which our pursuit of the consequential benefits of punishment must be subject: constraints that forbid, for instance, the deliberate punishment of the innocent, or the excessively harsh punishment of the guilty.
In 2007 2008, for instance, the deliberate addition of melamine to raw milk used in powdered infant formula and other milk and dairy products caused an outbreak of kidney stones and renal failure in Chinese infants and raised significant implications for global food and feed safety [ EHP 117:1803–1809; Gossner et al.].
For instance, humans may explicitly deliberate the difference between their own preference and that of others and subsequently conform to that behaviour or not, while rats obviously lack this capacity.
And, of course, it's not just the mistakes that are problematic but also the deliberate policies that, for instance, align Washington with dictators and other murderous actors.
Consider, for instance, body.
Consider, for instance, implication.
For instance, he claims that the activity of deliberating, of weighing reasons for and against various possible actions, proceeds under the assumption that we have power; if we didn't believe that, he thinks, then we would not bother deliberating.
Consider BMW, for instance.
Consider Donald Trump, for instance.
The empirical implementation of such a modification is highly dependent on context; for instance, in some cases synthetic signaling proteins could facilitate deliberate rewiring of signaling networks [ 41].
