With a simple nervous system and more limited suite of behaviors, decapod crustaceans are an attractive model for ingestive behavior.
However, the striatal (and cortical) mechanisms underlying the acquisition of drug seeking when goal-directed and controlled by instrumental A-O processes has only recently been revealed, being informed by the investigation of responding for ingestive reinforcers.
These findings support involvement of NO in lipoprivic hyperphagia; they are consistent with and extend research linking NO and ingestive behaviors through use of NOS inhibitors.
It is therefore important to measure ingestive behavior phenotypes using different tools and study designs that can complement traditional dietary intake methods.
She argues for replacing that ingestive politics of purity with a politics of digestion and fermentation that focuses on "inclusion, relation and transformation" (14).
This is the first empirical study of dietary niche-related taxonomic differences in ingestive responses to protein hydrolysates using multiple species under comparable conditions.
For this we used a computer-controlled gustometer, involving a brief-access procedure that minimizes post-ingestive effects [45].
If the B8 neurons fire, so that in vivo the radula would close, predominantly in retraction, the program is ingestive (for example, the top program shown in Figure 2), whereas if the B8 neurons fire predominantly in protraction, the program is egestive (the bottom program in Figure 2).
In another assay, a modified two-bottle preference test, which avoids mixing irritants with the animal's drinking water to prevent post-ingestive effects, was used to assess aversion.
We demonstrated this function in isolation in our Task 1. Then in Task 2, as the animal ingests successive free seaweed strips, this function plays the key role of progressively building up the behavior in the ingestive direction for the most efficient continued ingestion.
As tastes could reveal certain plant properties, we investigated whether sheep use them as cues to anticipate post-ingestive consequences.
