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It is deduced that the mechanisms responsible for incremental oil recovery are mainly interfacial tension reduction and wettability alteration toward water-wet condition.
In this chapter, the underlying proposed mechanisms for incremental oil recovery by low salinity/engineered water injection (LSWI/EWI) are described for both sandstone and carbonate rocks.
In order to identify possible phenomena responsible for incremental oil recovery, emulsification index (E24), surface tension, cell adhesion to hydrocarbons, and crude oil viscosity were characterized.
Since primary and secondary recovery methods fail to yield above 20%40%% of original oil in place from these reserves, the need for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques for incremental oil recovery has become imperative.
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Masdar estimates that for every ton of carbon dioxide injected, two to three additional barrels of incremental oil can be extracted compared with using natural gas, depending on reservoir maturity and geology.
Oil recovery experiment conducted in specially prepared heterogeneous composites showed appreciable amounts of incremental oil production after foam placement.
Only two projects had economic data; the average was $1.7/bbl of incremental oil.
For carbonates, most of the researchers believe in wettability alteration as the main and most acceptable mechanism for the incremental oil recovery with the use of LSWI/EWI.
A parametric analysis of a 1/4 of a 5-spot geometry shows that the displacement efficiency effect is predominantly responsible for the incremental oil recovery observed experimentally.
The chemical cost per incremental oil for ASP case is highest followed by SP, and the lowest is polymer flooding.
For Case 2, an incremental oil recovery of 0.47% was achieved compared to the base case (Case 1) for a shut-in time of 960 s.
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