Solutions to the inference problem are evolved by optimizing the parameters of a covering grammar for a given language sample.
"Beyond Strength and Weakness" is an attempt to develop a theory that predicts, for a given language, whether that language has wh-in-situ or wh-movement.
Instance-dependent commitment schemes for a given language are commitment schemes that can depend on the instance of the language, and where the hiding and binding properties are required to hold only on the YES and NO instances of the language, respectively.
For instance, Taylor (1976) provides a recursive definition of a collection of 'states of affairs' for a given language.
In essence the axioms specify a family of possible support functions, {Pβ, Pγ, …, Pδ, …} for a given language L.
Groups of phones that are equivalent for a given language (not affecting the words recognized by a hearer, if interchanged) are the phonemes of the language.
The deductive system is to capture, codify, or simply record arguments that are valid for the given language, and the semantics is to capture, codify, or record the meanings, or truth-conditions for at least part of the language.
Even the physicalist Bjorn Lindblom (1986, p. 495) concedes that "for a given language there seems to be no unique set of acoustic properties that will always be present in the production of a given unit (feature, phoneme, syllable) and that will reliably be found in all conceivable contexts".
Rather, when one constructs an intended model for a given language, it shows clearly how the semantic values of the relevant parts of a sentence of first-order logic — the objects, properties, relations, etc. in the world those parts signify — contribute to the actual truth value of the sentence.
When looking at languages to study, use Wikipedia's IPA for the given language, they are extensive and very helpful.
Though Mr. McGregor is a distant, awkward, menacing presence in the pictures, for the first time he is given language which serves to define him.
