Data on roaming movements originated from focal observations of 19 males (no. of observations, 1 16) from October to November 1999 to 2001.
Observation conditions allowed for 30 120 s focal observations.
Approximately 3 5 h of focal observation were collected per individual.
For males, we obtained 2419 focal observations in total, 1350 at night and 1069 during the day; for females we obtained 95 observations in total, 64 and 31 at night and day, respectively.
To detect social learning, we also used a method for identifying social learning in natural conditions, the network-based diffusion analysis (Franz and Nunn 2009), for which we additionally conducted animal focal observations to establish a social network.
Perhaps the most compelling evidence for the importance of indirect risk comes from the results of our focal observations.
Video recordings were made of the sheep, the driver, the speedometer and the drivers' view of the road ahead and were analyzed by continuous focal observations.
Because the number of scans or focal observations per site ranged from 1 to 8, we averaged data collected for each location.
At El Garrapatero, we made focal observations of individuals to determine pairing status and nest location.
