Brazil also has dozens of ethanol plants and biomass boilers that are hungry for feedstocks to supplement local sugarcane.
Feraci describes the NBB's priorities as having three primary parts: a renewable fuels standard, tax credits for biodiesel use and price subsidies for feedstocks used in biodiesel production.
Pressures to produce more livestock products result in either a pathway to grazing intensification and subsequently land degradation or conversion of grasslands to cropping systems for feedstocks to the livestock, or a combination of the two.
Here, we extend the technical umbrella for advanced biofuels to technologies including and beyond the scope of the book, such as (1) upstream new concepts for feedstocks, (2) midstream specialized pretreatments and cotreatments, and (3) downstream processing of biomass sugars.
The decay order of T50, n, and the corresponding decay rate constant, k50, are also found to be primarily governed by the feed paraffinicity; the decay order n varies from nearly second-order for feedstocks with extremely low paraffin content to approximately first-order for highly paraffinic feeds.
For feedstocks, returns-to-scale are a function of the marginal cost of supply plus the additional transport cost of collecting material from a larger area.
For feedstocks pretreated by the same pretreatment technology, it was observed that the higher the capacity of the substrate to adsorb proteins, the lower the amount of protein required to attain efficient hydrolysis.
The development of new dedicated bioenergy crops for feedstocks is one of the most fundamental R&D needs for bioenergy, as this underpins the development and cost of many bioenergy conversion technologies [ 4].
Considering the protection of sugars from undesired degradation, it is impossible to attain the complete removal of lignin for the existing thermochemical pretreatments, especially for feedstocks with high lignin content, such as forest biomass [ 2].
Similar differences have been found for feedstocks with reduced lignin content in ethanol yield during SSF of alkali-pretreated corn stover [ 15] and dilute acid pretreated sorghum bagasse [ 12].
This model used simplified descriptions of LE conversion processes, together with emission factor estimates for feedstocks and supply chain operations, to determine the sensitivity of GHG emissions estimates to changes in the supply chain.
