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The strong colonization trade-off also required high clockwise bias for near sources and low clockwise bias for far sources.
For foraging, reducing the time limit has little effect on sources that are nearby, but for far sources, it limits the success of high clockwise bias dramatically, exaggerating the trends observed in the far cases.
By capitalizing on this feature, the population contained specialists for near sources, which had higher clockwise bias and shorter adaptation times, and those for far sources, which had lower clockwise bias and longer adaptation time.
For the Gaussian we have used the asymptotic behaviour of the propagule shadow (absence of propagules from A) is (i) always reached for far sources, (ii) only reached for large number of propagules emitted (above 10) if the distance between the sources equals the mean dispersal distance and (iii) never reached for nearby sources.
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Near-source disking event particle concentrations were 4 7 times higher than those for far-source disking and background events.
PM10 plume heights for near-source disking events were between 4 and 5.7 m, whereas those for far-source disking events were between 12 and 15 m.
Near-source disking events had PM10 emission factors ranging from 78 to 239 mg m−2, while those for far-source disking events ranged from 8to8989 mg m−2.
represents the unit vector in the source direction and means the ratio of the array size to the distance between the array and source, that is, for far-field sources,.
The D sources are incident from DOAs Φ d = (ϑ d, φ d ), where d = 1, 2, …, D. Range information r d 2 is important only for near-field sources, where d2 = D1 + 1, D1 + 2, …, D. The objective is to estimate the azimuths and elevations for far-field sources and joint azimuth-elevation-ranges for near-field sources.
The source localization in mixed field aims to estimate 2D parameters {ϑ d, φ d } for far-field sources and 3D parameters {r d, ϑ d, φ d } for near-field sources given the array observations x(k).
Then for far-field sources, they only estimate DOA information.
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