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The presence of photophores is reported for extant members of three out of these five families based on results of this study, i.e. Lantern sharks (Etmopteridae), Kitefin sharks (Dalatiidae) and Sleeper sharks (Somniosidae).
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Parsimony indicates that this state is shared by all extant members of Cetancodonta, and is reconstructed for all taxa nested within Cetancodonta (including basal cetaceamorphans, such as †Indohyus, †Diacodexis and †Helohyus).
Alignments for each genomic fragment typically contained sequences representing the majority of the extant members of the tribe Bovini (Bovidae, Bovinae) and outgroup representatives from the tribes Tragelaphini (Bovidae, Bovinae) and Hominini (Hominidae, Ponginae).
Leaf impressions from two specimens have characteristics found in extant members of Cercideae (Caesalpinieae).
The phylotypes were closely related to extant members of the alpha- andbeta-Proteobacteria and the Actinomycetes.
A crown group refers to all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of the extant members of a clade.
Within the Malacostraca, no fossils are known for krill, while both Hoplocarida and Phyllopoda contain important groups that are now extinct as well as extant members (Hoplocarida: mantis shrimp are extant, while Aeschronectida are extinct; Phyllopoda: Canadaspidida are extinct, while Leptostraca are extant ).
The two orangutan species are the only extant members of the subfamily Ponginae.
Killer whales are the largest extant members of the dolphin family.
Another contradiction is that except for Archaeamphora, there is no other evidence to suggest that Sarraceniaceae evolved outside the New World, to which all extant members of the family are endemic.
Together, these two species comprise the only extant members of the family Monodontidae, sometimes referred to as the "white whales".
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