Larger measurement error or data variability would lead to greater uncertainty in results of statistical analysis, for example, the larger standard errors of the effect size measure for the mapping-derived index (see Tables 3 and 4).
If, for example, we expect a large effect of the intervention we can test the hypothesis that the measurement instrument shows an effect size of 0.8 or higher.
So, for example, the enhancement effect of siRNA 608 on cell viability is estimated to be 20.337 = 1.26 times larger than that of the positive control.
For example, the beneficial effects of massage therapy are likely to dissipate if it is discontinued.
For example, the graded effects of baseline cognitive ability with gender or with age were observed more clearly using the ADAS-cog scale and had larger effect sizes.
We will test for a conservative (moderate) effect in our RCT, as we are uncertain whether the large effect size from the pilot study was an artefact of the small sample, or an example of a Hawthorne effect.
For example, we may see the largest effect in females in the European sample potentially because we had the largest number of participants in this group, making the composites more likely to represent the extremes of asymmetry.
For example, the effect may initially be large and then taper off, as may be seen in the effects of an analgesic for chronic pain.
For some clinical care outcomes, our survey had large design effects [5]; for example, the design effect in the Michigan sample for influenza vaccination was 29.6.
If, for example, the effect size difference between subgroups is larger than that found for the overall trial population, the probability of a true positive subgroup effect increases (fig 1).
