For example, reinforcement learning method is used in [31, 32] to optimize the downlink transmission strategies in HetNets such as the transmit power and the REB.
Several VDSA approaches covering spectrum measurements and machine learning are proposed; for example, reinforcement learning is used for intelligent channel selection (also presented in [65]).
(This congruence with human behavior is in marked contrast to other popular ways of computing the utility of alternative choices; for example, Reinforcement Learning or most Connectionist learning methods).
For example, reinforcement speciation is driven by selection against unfit hybrids, which drives the evolution of mating discrimination between populations or species.
For example, positive reinforcement is now more widely used to encourage primates to cooperate with husbandry procedures, and improved enclosure design allows housing in social groups with opportunity to escape and avoid other primates and humans.
A mesh of polyglycolic acid (PGA) is a widely used biomaterial during gastroenterological [ 13], thoracic [ 6, 14– 16], and gynecological surgeries [ 9] and is used, for example, as reinforcement for weak tissues.
For example, conditioned reinforcement supported by a normally trained cue is insensitive to devaluation of the predicted outcome (Parkinson et al., 2005); however if the cue is trained like the 'flavor' cue in the current experiment, then devaluation of the predicted outcome completely abolishes the ability of the cue to serve as a conditioned reinforcer (Burke et al., 2008).
For example, Modeling is a strong method but only when certain parameters are met, for instance reinforcement of the modeled behavior [ 11], see Figure 2.
The veracity of the reinforcement was also taken into account, for example, whether the reinforcement was "true" (majority, e.g., reward following selection of the "correct" stimulus or punishment following selection of the "incorrect" stimulus), or "false"/misleading (minority, e.g., punishment following selection of the correct stimulus and reward following selection of the "incorrect" stimulus).
For example, geosynthetic basal reinforcement can be extremely effective in allowing timely construction of embankments over peat and soft clays; however, an understanding of the mechanism at work and the key engineering properties is essential for consistent success.
They could serve, for example, as a reinforcement to enhance the physical properties of plastics and bioplastics, as transparent layers to a gas barrier, and even as an emerging technology to design bioactive packaging with antimicrobial protection or delivery of nutraceuticals to foods.
