The significant single-cell variability within a cell population is widely studied, for example in the isolation of stem cells and their clones.
For example, in the isolation of a multi-enzyme membrane-associated complex, alkane hydroxylase by homogenization of Pseudomonas putida was reported to have badly damaged the enzyme [ 51].
For example, in discussing geographic isolation and ecological differences, the author presents a graph of speciation probability (Fig. 2.3, p.17), involving both geographic separation and ecological differences.
Mitochondrial QC pathways such as mitophagy can be studied in isolation, for example, in cell cultures with different mutations.
For example, in animal models opioid agonists reduce isolation distress whereas opioid antagonists increase isolation distress.
For example, in rats a short period of social isolation is an effective way to increase the amount of social play when the temporary-isolated subjects are placed back with partners.
For example, in piglets a 2 h daily social isolation caused a reduction in lymphocyte proliferation [ 11], whereas 14 d of crowding and heat caused an increased NK cytotoxicity [ 12].
It is expected, therefore, that in regions where geographic isolation is common, for example, in areas where high mountains separate populations occurring in deep valleys, allopatric divergence will be promoted and accelerated due to the formation of locally adapted gene pools and possibly the origin of intrinsic postzygotic isolation according to the Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller model [ 3- 5].
For example, in Nepal stigmatization can range from complete social isolation to suspicion over a woman being "single" and therefore promiscuous.
For example, in the first experiment the test conditions are 3 different methods for DNA isolation and those are compared to a previously used method for DNA isolation, which is the reference condition.
