Systematic corrections involve uncertainties of their own, for example in the determination of the values of constants, and these uncertainties are assessed through secondary experiments involving further theoretical and statistical assumptions.
The traditional method, used for example in the determination of the structure of DNA, is to produce a crystal form of the substance to be studied, then blast it with x-rays.
For example, in the determination of grain size analysis wet sieving was adopted with about 500 g of air-dried crushed shale mixed with distilled water and calgon (deflocculating agent) stirred for about 20 min for effective dispersal of the soil grains.
Such an approach was employed, for example, in the determination of a lubricating additive, 2-hydroxyethyl linoleate, in diesel fuel by the internal standard method, using pentadecanoyl propanoate as the internal standard.
The Keio deletion strain collection (Baba et al., 2006) provides single-gene knock-outs of 3985 E. coli K-12 nonessential genes (at least under standard laboratory growth conditions) and can be used, for example, in the systematic determination of gene or protein function based on systematic genome-wide phenotypic assays (Butland et al., 2008; Typas et al., 2008).
For example, determination of As species in small samples of human cells and mouse pancreatic islets by HG-CT-ICPMS has been successfully used in studies examining risk and mechanism of diabetes associated with chronic exposure to iAs.
Tooze also makes skilful use of modern parallels and counterfactual scenarios – asking, for example, whether the determination of the allies to continue the war in 1917 killed outright the possibility of a democratic alternative to the Bolsheviks.
The latter point is an important criterion in many applications such as for example in the analysis of convergence of MD simulations [19] as well as of methods for protein structure determination [7], [9].
Due to their important roles in nucleic acid metabolisms, the sugar non-specific nucleases have been extensively used in molecular biology researches, for example the determination of nucleic acid structure, the rapid sequencing of RNA, the removal of nucleic acids during protein purification and the use as antiviral agents [ 1, 12- 14].
For example, the determination of cell electroporation is still a demanding and time-consuming task.
