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In the periosteum adjacent to the fractured bone for example hypoxia induced factor 1 alpha, heme oxygenase-1 and platelet derived growth factor are significantly upregulated (Fig. 3a) (unpublished data).
For example, hypoxia.
Induction of IGFBP3 expression can occur in neurons and glial cells under various conditions, for example hypoxia [27], and this might also cause differences between humans and mice.
For example, hypoxia suppresses energy-costly mRNA translation and protein synthesis via AMPK and TSC2-mediated mTOR inhibition [24] or other mechanisms [25], [26].
For example, hypoxia is associated with transcriptional repression of equilibrative nucleoside transporters, particularly ENT1 thereby resulting in attenuated adenosine uptake from the extracellular space and enhanced adenosine signaling effects [22], [23].
For example, hypoxia increases Glut1 levels in ECs [ 16].
Similar(27)
Besides TGF-β, other signaling pathways have also been implied in the activation of EMT; for example, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) contributes to EMT in tissue fibrosis and cancer cell invasion by modulating the activity of pro-EMT transcription factors Notch and β-catenin [42 44].
For example, hypoxia-mediated HIF expression in the diabetic renal medulla is substantially improved by the administration of the membrane-permeable superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol [ 30].
For example, hypoxia-related genes (such as EPAS1, EGLN1, and PPARA) have experienced strongly positive selection and are significantly associated with the decreased hemoglobin concentration in Tibetans (Beall et al. 2010; Simonson et al. 2010; Yi et al. 2010).
For example, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF-1α), which is constitutively active in many tumor types, was shown to promote BCL-2/adenovirus E19kDa-interactinging protein (BNIP3L -dependent autophagy.
Positive feedback loop between VEGF and miR-155 exists, and miR-155 decreases the expression of VHL tumor suppressor, a protein with ubiquitin ligase activity sequestrating, for example, hypoxia-induced factors (HIFs).
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