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Forced labour is likely to occur where the informal sector – for example, cash in hand – meets the formal economy.
In some institutions in China, for example, cash awards for papers published can be many times higher than one's entire salary.
For example, cash flow into the $68.6 million Lexington Troika fund, which invests in Russia, was a heavy $9.1 million for the first two months of the year, according to Lipper estimates.
Danziger, of the University of Michigan, notes that "Burkhauser is correct that the I.R.S. data overstate inequality because much income received by low income families is not included in Adjusted Gross Income (for example, cash welfare, food stamps).
In the past two years, for example, cash spending rose by 21%, but the volume of output increased by 4%.Much of the extra money has gone on rising public-sector wages and more costly purchases from the private sector.
"The proposals will in fact go further than salary sacrifice, and are intended to apply wherever a benefit has been obtained instead of cash in any circumstances including, for example, cash alternatives, flexible benefit allowances and simple trading-up of benefits," Groom said.
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In Stroud, for example, cash-strapped artists are using vacant shops and other premises as studios and galleries.
For example, cash-strapped California is planning to save a little money by releasing some 27,000 lower-category prisoners.
For example, the cash ratio at Paychex — cash and short-term investments as a percent of total assets — has more than doubled, from less than 30percentt in 1988 to more than 70percentt by last summer.
Reduction of this livelihood-related vulnerability is linked with short-term measures (for example, relief, cash for work, and cash for training).
For example, a cash flow budget projects what the cash flow statement will look like in a future period and reports total values for all inflow and outflow items.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com