Similar collective action problems arise during cancer development, where growth factors support tumor growth by protecting cells from apoptosis (for example, IGF-II), by stimulating the growth of new blood vessels (for example, VEGF), by impairing immune system reaction (for example, TGFβ), or by promoting the epithelial mesenchimal transition.
Given the lack of domain specificity of the animal naming test (impaired for example by poor concentration) the sub-criterion was not considered to be fulfilled unless impairment in this test was corroborated by some degree of executive impairment reported by the informant.
While gene conversion is the predominant pathway of Ig gene diversification in chicken B cells, if gene conversion is impaired (for example by the absence of essential recombination factors [20], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], other repair outcomes, particularly point mutations, will predominate.
If proteasomal degradation is impaired, for example by deletion of Ubr1, Trp1 is stabilized and growth restored.
Consequently, if expression of MHC I is impaired, for example by viruses, the inhibitory signal is reduced, facilitating the activation of signaling for 'missing self' and resulting in cytotoxic destruction of the target cell.
However, the contribution of the PAM2 motif and the M2 region was apparent only when binding to PABPC1 was impaired, for example by deleting the C-term region (Zekri et al, 2009).
If the mechanical and/or antibacterial properties of the cervix are anatomically or functionally impaired, for example by intra-uterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol, or by surgery or trauma to the cervix, the remaining strength of the cervix may be insufficient to retain the pregnancy.
Specific warning information about these hazards could improve drivers' reactions and the warning effectiveness, but could also impair them, for example, by additional cognitive-processing costs.
Thiopental is another intravenous anaesthetic used in intensive care patients, usually for the management of patients with refractory status epilepticus or intracranial hypertension [1], but again can impair immune function, for example by suppressing bone marrow haematopoiesis [3].
These mutations impair imatinib activity, for example by interfering with an imatinib binding site or by stabilizing a conformation of BCR-ABL with reduced affinity to imatinib.
