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The reason that cancer is so rare during youth is that multi-cellular organisms, particularly long-lived and large ones, have evolved potent tumor-suppressive mechanisms (but see Box 2 for evolutionary explanations for childhood cancers).
The basis for evolutionary explanations of cooperation is provided by Hamilton's inclusive fitness (kin selection) theory [2].
An increasing proportion of this work looks for evolutionary explanations.
This can be especially difficult for evolutionary explanations because some are intuitively attractive, others are hard to recognize, and multiple answers can be correct.
Medical and veterinary science seldom look for evolutionary explanations of why virulent pathogen strains might spread in a host population, but recent theoretical advances suggest that an evolutionary approach could provide more effective ways to manage infectious disease [ 1].
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These offer relatively definable targets for evolutionary explanation.
Human genes are obvious targets for evolutionary explanation, and population genetics offers reliable methods (Childs 1999; Lewontin et al. 2000).
Most diseases are not shaped directly by natural selection or other evolutionary forces, so they are not, themselves, appropriate objects for evolutionary explanation.
For discussion of evolutionary explanations of racial categorization, see Machery & Faucher (2005).
However, we found no correlation between the values for individual evolutionary commitments and students acceptance of evolutionary explanations for human social behaviors (inferred from SIM values).
These results might be interpreted as a first indication for the importance of evolutionary history knowledge as a context for the development of evolutionary explanations.
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