Moreover it's generally assumed that the maintenance of duplicate genes provides a foundation for consolidation and refinement of established functions, particularly in secondary metabolism, by preserving extra copies that guarantee a gene reservoir for adaptive evolution [ 62- 64].
I highlight the utility of eQTL studies for linking variants with altered expression of genes and the experimental approaches for establishing function, including descriptions of recent techniques that can help.
Recent studies showed that established functions for both macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy in hepatic lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and cellular injury suggest a number of potential mechanistic roles for autophagy in NASH [ 15].
In the immune system, the most established functions for Notch signaling is regulation of development of lymphoid T and B cell lineages (Radtke et al., 2010; Yuan et al., 2010).
Established functions for mTORC1 are to phosphorylate 4EBP1 and activate S6-kinase, which in turn phosphorylates the S6 protein [ 13].
Established functions for zinc finger-BTB domains containing proteins have been reported, such as the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) that induces monocytic differentiation in hematopoietic cells [ 37].
Establishing function for some of these predicted transporters may require alternative genetic, biochemical, or physiological analyses.
It is proven that the MC simulation and the use of TT measurements in the Photo-CREC-Water II reactor with selected BCs are of critical importance for establishing phase functions and scattering parameters in photo-catalytic reactors.
This study reveals that the GEP is a potential tool for establishing the functions and identifying the key variables for predicting the strength and elastic responses of the clay treated with bottom ash.
Thus, the encapsulation of enzymes within NPG is quite useful for establishing new functions and will have wide applications for different chemical processes.
A trial of higher dose prednisolone, tapering from 40 mg daily over 16 weeks, for established impaired nerve function did not show any greater likelihood of improvement compared with placebo among the 95 people enrolled [ 75].
