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The color convention for equilibria is as in Fig. 5.
We now look for equilibria and the stability of these fixed points.
If, in contrast, ({upomega }_{mathrm{responding}} = 0), then still more possibilities for equilibria are available.
Different from the traditional schemes, Mickens's method can be more efficient in preserving the global asymptotic stability for equilibria of the corresponding continuous models (see [21 23]).
This involves the following steps: (a) Identification of the marginally unstable modes (the directions that are losing stability: for equilibria, this corresponds to the eigenspace of the Jacobian where the eigenvalues have zero real part).
For equilibria involving carbonate complexation, the constant C is written as pQ = -log K2 l K n [HCO3-]) where K2 l is the HCO3 - dissociation constant, K n is a cation complexation constant and [HCO3-] is approximated as 1.9 × 10-3 molar.
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The stability of the intersection of the unstable and stable manifolds depends on the dimension of the unstable manifolds (also called the Morse index[13]) for these equilibria for the vector field restricted to I c.
In Section 3, we establish conditions for the exact number of equilibria for the background networks.
Secondly, the manifolds displaying characteristics of equilibria for the unstable equilibrium configurations are analyzed for the first time.
Section 5 contains an algorithm for computation of equilibria.
Our bounds provide a complete picture of the inefficiency of equilibria for these games.
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