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This likely selected for enhanced forelimb strength in S. fatalis.
Another alternative explanation for enhanced forelimb strength in Smilodon might be as an adaptation to climbing given that skeletal adaptations of the forelimbs for climbing and prey-killing are similar in felids [28].
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This enhanced forelimb strength was part of an adaptive complex driven by the need to minimize the struggles of prey in order to protect the elongate canines from fracture and position the bite for a quick kill.
It is unlikely that the enhanced forelimb strength of Smilodon represents an adaptation to either digging or swimming, rather than prey-killing, given that its distal unguals are retractile and shaped like those of felids rather than diggers [47] and a specialization for swimming would be quite surprising among felids.
Pdcl cKO mice also showed enhanced forelimb grips strength and augmented response to acoustic startle, suggesting further deficits in processing sensorimotor stimuli.
The superficial (SDF) and deep digital flexor (DDF) muscles are critical for equine forelimb locomotion.
For the forelimb the somatosensory representation had a 30% overlap with the corresponding motor area.
Thus, stepping test in mice is a reliable and simple behavioral measure for assessing forelimb akinesia induced by systemic MPTP.
Our results support observations made in mice showing that Tbx5 is necessary for the induction of forelimbs but not sufficient for continued forelimb development [ 39, 40].
Lower cervical cord contains a number of motor neurons connecting to distal forelimb muscles, and would be important for distal forelimb movements, for example, grasping.
(B, C ) Step cycle modulation index for each forelimb across all cells.
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