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Parasite density measured by qPCR for each sample was calculated using International Standard (IS) as a calibrator32,33, which was used as factor to calculate the parasitaemia of each sample.
The crystallite size for each sample was calculated using the Scherrer formula considering the most intense peak (3 1 1) and the results were compared with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of these samples.
The mean crystalline size for each sample was calculated using the Scherrer's equation: D; = ;frac{Klambda }{beta ;cos theta }, (2 where D is the crystalline size (nm), K presents the Scherrer constant which has a value of 0.89, λ is the wavelength (nm), β is the full width at half maxima of the (3 1 1) diffraction peak, and θ is the diffraction angle (Bragg's angle).
Quantification of the levels of gene expression for each sample was calculated using the comparative Cq method (ΔΔCq).
The IA-2A index for each sample was calculated using the same JDF standard serum and control sera that were used in the GADA assay.
Cell viability for each sample was calculated using (3) Cell survival % = Mean of each group − mean of blank mean of negative control − mean of blank × 100.
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Serum total lipids for each sample were calculated using Phillips formula summing triglycerides and total cholesterol.
The SAR values for each water sample was calculated using the following equation (Richards 1954).
This sample was calculated using a formula for finite populations.
The mean values for the entire sample were calculated using the modal values for each patient.
The matrix effect for different samples was calculated using expression (1).
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