But the paternal genes showed that male ancestors rarely crossed caste lines: The collection of genetic markers on the Y chromosome remained distinct for each caste.
For comparisons among termite species, 4 individuals (for each caste) of C. formosanus and 5 individuals for each caste of M. darwiniensis, N. koshunensis and N. takasagoensis were also examined.
In H. sjostedti, we used 5 specimens for each caste and measured 74, 74, 75 and 78 stained neurons (summation of 5 individuals) in pseudergate, whitening pseudergate, presoldier and soldier, respectively.
To test for differences in these relative estimates between these two populations, we performed nested analyses of variance for each caste separately with colony (within population) and population as factors explaining weight variation.
To clarify the morphological differences in the CNS of H. sjostedti soldiers and pseudergates, the size of the brain (cerebral ganglion) and SOG, as well as the thickness of the mandibular and maxillary nerves were measured (N = 10, for each caste).
For each caste the productivity of the colony was computed as the number of young individuals in a cohort, and more precisely, the number of nymphs in P. phylax and the number of nymphs plus the number of young, not yet fully melanized imagos for C. mckeyi.
