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Because ethanol evaporates quickly, it requires a special formulation of gasoline, said Edward H. Murphy, general manager for downstream operations at the American Petroleum Institute, an industry group.
Because of these major upfront investments, for downstream operations to be economically viable, they often require economies of scale, or a high enough volume of minerals extracted, to justify the fixed costs of developing the necessary infrastructure.
Scaling up a crystallization process often results in significant changes to crystal size distribution (CSD), purity and morphology, which are key determinants of product quality and has implications for downstream operations such as filtration.
The paper proposes a dual design approach for production and supply chain planning systems; one type of system for operations upstream the CODP and another type of system for downstream operations in order to fully support the characteristics and objectives of each respective part of the supply chain.
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In the magazine report, Mr Costa, who was head of downstream operations for Petrobras from 2004 to 2012, claimed that politicians received 3% commissions on the values of contracts signed with Petrobras when he was working there.
The week before the annexation of Crimea, the British ambassador in Washington organised a dinner "at BP's suggestion for the visit of BP's chief executive of downstream operations" with several "local big hitters" from the State Department and US business.
When bottlenecks develop, for example, downstream operations may halt for lack of materials.
The control of the crystal size distribution can be critically important for efficient downstream operations such as filtration and drying, and product effectiveness (e.g., bioavailability, tablet stability).
As for Shell's downstream operations, the lack of demand for products like gasoline predictably knocked earnings down by 34.0%, on a current-cost-of-supplies basis, to $582 million.
By right-clicking on the editor's window the obtained bioisosteric structure of the compound can be exported to different chemical file formats, such as SMILES, MOL or InChI for use in downstream operations.
He speaks as an insider, spending just shy of a decade working in downstream operations for US oil major, Exxon.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com