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We undertook a rigorous systematic review and meta-analysis using independent reviewers for data extraction and statistical analysis.
If there was a chance that the same patients (patients who were reported in 2 or more studies and treated by the same surgeon over a similar operation period) had been included more than once in the present study, only the patients in the study with a larger cohort were included for data extraction and statistical analysis in order to minimize any potential for sampling bias.
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MAD contributed in terms of data extraction and statistical analysis of the data, and contributed intellectually to the design of the project and editing of the manuscript.
This approach simplifies both the data extraction and statistical analysis and allows a richer array of variables for identifying matches or clusters of patients.
SH analyzed the data (data extraction and statistical analysis).
Data extraction and statistical analysis were performed using SAS V.9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA).
Data extraction and statistical analysis were performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).
AWJ and KLM participated in writing the protocol, the literature search, data extraction and statistical analysis.
ADS: conceived of the study, participated in the study design, data extraction, article selection, statistical analysis and coordination; ES: participated in the article selection, data extraction and statistical analysis; LTM: participated in the study design and manuscript preparation.
AG formulated the study design and conceptualization, performed data extraction and statistical analysis and drafted the paper.
The inclusion and exclusion criteria, outcome measures, methods of literature search, selection, data extraction and statistical analysis were defined in a protocol according to the recommendations in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [ 19].
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