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In fact fewer assumptions are required for continuous traits.
We describe the problem in the variance-components (VCs) [8], [19], [20] framework which is a powerful tool for modeling phenotypic variation for continuous traits in families.
For continuous traits
We derive general expressions for continuous traits and the necessary extensions for dichotomous disease traits with data obtained either from population studies or case control studies.
F-test (for continuous traits) and Chi-squared (for binary traits) were used to calculate the global p-value representing the fit to the model added by haplotype combinations compared to a model including only sex, age and BMI.
The sample size, mean, and standard deviation (SD) are shown for continuous traits.
Similar(13)
For continuous trait analysis, quantitative trait association analyses were performed by linear regression after adjusting age, gender and BMI as confounding factors.
Mixed-model analyses were used to calculate the adjusted effects of the intervention at each of the follow-up points for continuous trait outcomes and to investigate the overall effect of the intervention.
Study sample for continuous trait analysis For this part of the study we used participants from the ongoing New Hoorn Study, a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands, which examines potential determinants of glucose intolerance and related disorders [ 14, 15].
For all continuous traits, only a single observation within the synthetic derivative was required for an individual to be included in the analysis.
Second, as multiple traits were analyzed in the current study, the possibility still exists that our findings were false positive, especially for the continuous traits which lack replication in other independent samples.
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