Following adjustment for possible confounding characteristics and for adjuvant systemic treatment, overall survival (OS) remained comparable for pN0 and pN1micro and was significantly worse for pN1a and pN≥1b (hazard ratio [HR] 1.18; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.58 2.39, HR 2.47; 95% CI 1.69 3.63, HR 4.36; 95% CI 2.70 7.04, respectively).
We did not collect enough demographic information during the phone surveys to be able to control for potential confounding characteristics.
To be able to control for possible confounding, characteristics of the involved general practices and pharmacies in each group will be collected, using a questionnaire.
Insulin resistance measured as ISI or fasting insulin concentration is associated with increased risk of death among older adults, adjusting for conventional confounding characteristics.
Furthermore, although an attempt was made to adjust modeled analyses for possible confounding characteristics or comorbidities when comparing to the FHS, other unrecognized confounding variables and covariates may exist which impact the final results.
Despite the best efforts to capture patient heterogeneity by demographic and clinical characteristics over pre-index period, the study was unable to control for unobserved confounding characteristics using a retrospective study design.
In this large study of continuous HAART users with varied ancestry, we found that black women were twice as likely as white women to experience adverse HIV clinical outcomes, specifically death from AIDS and incident ADI, even after adjusting for multiple potential confounding characteristics including illicit drug use, depressive symptoms, and adherence.
In the present investigation we assessed total and HMW adiponectin concentrations and comprehensively adjusted for potential mediating and confounding characteristics in our analysis.
This matches controls for measured or unmeasured personal confounding characteristics that do not vary over the relatively short time, such as gender, age, and genetic factors [ 20].
However, as with any multivariate technique, we cannot account for confounding unobserved characteristics.
