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For both feedstocks, low temperature biochars took up less water than high temperature biochars but the same amount of ethanol, suggesting that differences in water uptake based on production temperature reflect differences in surface hydrophobicity, not porosity.
In the case of emission factors, the percent reduction in emission factors for biochar (vs. syngas) production was roughly 13%% for both feedstocks (Fig. 5).
Although the biochar systems for both feedstocks do provide energy offsets in terms of electricity and heat as well as help in GHG abatement, their economic potential requires further improvement.
For both feedstocks, a solids loading of 500 g (dry weight) was used per steam gun run.
The content of acid-soluble lignin may be slightly overestimated for both feedstocks due to possible interference from other non-lignin components [ 23].> -wrap-foot> aAcid-soluble lignin.
A farm gate commodity cost of $53.9 odt-1 is assumed for both feedstocks (converted from UK cost data) in order to allow economies of scale and logistics cost drivers to be isolated.
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For both biomass feedstocks, approximately 1 year was assumed to be required for regrowing the biomass to sequester the initial CO2 pulse emitted [24].
Hence, reducing lignin has become an important target for both bioenergy feedstock improvement (Chen and Dixon 2007; Dien et al. 2009; Vermerris et al. 2007) and improving fodder digestibility (Barrière et al. 2003; Guo et al. 2001; Jung and Allen 1995; Vogel and Jung 2001).
Banana stems and other tropical biomass can be used as supplementary substrates in the biogas plant for mitigating and optimizing both feedstock supply costs and environmental impact of livestock waste treatment.
The plants modeled in their scenario were placed in proximity to both feedstock supplies and markets for fuels.
In the meantime, the European Parliament defined lands that were ineligible for producing biofuel feedstocks for the purpose of the Directives.
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