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The laboratory produced CCRM by VVCM can be used to imitate the practical CCRM for approximate calculation.
In control children, stronger activation was found in the anterior cingulate gyrus for approximate calculation compared to exact calculation.
Children with developmental dyscalculia Children with DD showed almost no activation when using FWE correction for approximate calculation vs. approximate control condition (see Figure 2A).
Children with DD showed greater inter-individual variability and had weaker activation in almost the entire neuronal network for approximate calculation including the intraparietal sulcus, and the middle and inferior frontal gyrus of both hemispheres.
When comparing mean ΔS and mean t-values between children with or without DD in each ROI by t-tests, significant differences or trends for differences in mean t-values were observed in six out of seven ROIs for approximate calculation.
Although direct statistical contrasts revealed no differences in brain activation between children with or without DD in regions known to play an important role in number processing, subsequent ROI analysis indicated weaker brain activation in almost the entire network for approximate calculation in children with DD.
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When Russian English bilinguals were trained on 2 types of addition (i.e., exact and approximate addition), language-specific training effects on 2-digit calculations were found for exact calculations (e.g., base-6, base-8 addition, or 34 + 71 = 105 or 115) but not for approximate calculations (e.g., base-2 log, cubic root, or 34 + 71 = 110 or 80).
Children with developmental dyscalculia In general, the observed activation pattern for exact calculation was quite similar to that of approximate calculation.
The equations for the approximate calculation of the thrust and torque on the cutterhead are also presented.
This paper follows those expressions to design an efficient algorithm for the approximate calculation of expressions usual in fractional-order control systems.
In this paper, we present an analytical model for an approximate calculation of the end-to-end delay performance in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks.
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