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Genes for altruistic behavior should therefore disappear.
As he says, "The evolutionary reasons for altruistic behavior are not necessarily the animals' reasons".
Human beings have an unusual proclivity for altruistic behavior, and recent commentators have suggested that these prosocial tendencies arise from our unique capacity to understand the minds of others (i.e., to mentalize).
Hoffman views empathy as a biologically based disposition for altruistic behavior (Hoffman 1981).
Previous studies have provided theoretical explanations for the evolution of altruism [1], [2], and have found evidence for altruistic behavior in a range of animal species [3], [4].
Also based on a conflict of interest is the explanation offered by Heyman and Ariely (2004) whereby a situation requiring altruistic behavior that was previously situated in the "social market," where no payment is expected, shifts to the "money market," where narrow self-interest dictates behavior and payment for altruistic behavior is or is not high enough.
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This kin-serving episodic temporal judgment bias may be part of the human cognitive architecture partly responsible for altruistic behaviors toward kin.
For their test of altruistic behavior, the team devised an experimental box with two compartments divided by a transparent partition.
However, it has been difficult to account for the origins and evolution of altruistic behavior.
While there is good evidence for kin biases in various forms of altruistic behavior across the animal kingdom (Dugatkin 1997), there is considerable controversy regarding the role of contingent reciprocity in sustaining altruism (Hammerstein 2003; Silk 2008).
For those individuals, it was essentially a form of altruistic behavior.
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