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Dose reduction is converted into time gain, i.e. the increase of time interval between the occurrence of a SPE and the moment the dose limit to the BFO for acute effects is reached.
This association has led some investigators to suggest that influenza activity may directly influence invasive meningococcal disease risk [10], but evidence for acute effects of changing influenza activity on invasive meningococcal disease risk has to date been limited.
The first MRI measurements were designed to look for acute effects in the brain.
Time-series studies have provided evidence for acute effects of air pollutants on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Evidence of a causal relationship thus seems unlikely for acute effects, which is the main focus of provocation studies.
A few have examined coronary heart disease, finding evidence for acute effects on mortality and hospital admissions [ 6- 8].
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WT mice 8 12 weeks of age were exposed to four unfiltered cigarettes per day (University of Kentucky), six days a week for one or four week for acute effect or six months for chronic exposure according to standard procedures [27].
Those pioneering studies showed that the isoeffective total dose increased more rapidly with decreasing dose per fraction for late effect than for acute effect, which indicates a greater sensitivity of late responses to changes in dose per fraction.
Two-phase designs could be well-suited also for the study of acute effects of air pollution.
Fusarium toxins are important not so much for their acute effects as for the chronic syndromes reported worldwide.
Observational studies already consider some temporal patterns of health outcomes; for example, daily concentrations (or < 24 hr) are necessary for assessing acute effects and long-term concentrations (including seasonal variation) are required for assessing more chronic effects.
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