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The threshold for acute damage after single pulse irradiation of these cells was found to be independent of the particle size (54 ± 13, 55 ± 9 and 54 ± 12 mJ/cm for 90, 60 and 40 nm diameter respectively), which may be the result of clustering of the nanoparticles.
Regardless, analysis of the average bubble lifetime at the threshold for acute damage revealed nearly the same lifetime was for all single-pulse experiments, typically 0.7 ± 0.1 µs which corresponds via Eq. (1) to a maximum bubble diameter of 7.6 ± 1.1 µm.
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For example, acute damage by physical trauma to the eye resulting in fast retinal cell deterioration will require a vector that quickly delivers survival factors to rescue rapidly dying cells.
Ideal diagnostic markers of AAD would be components of the aortic wall released into the bloodstream upon acute aortic damage, similar to circulating troponin for acute myocardial damage.
In our experience dose inhomogeneity underneath G2 – G3 skin reactions seems to be the most important predictor for acute skin damage and in these patients more complex treatment techniques should be considered to avoid skin damage.
Our results suggest that Wg produced within the intestinal epithelium and not the VM is essential for intestinal regeneration in response to acute damage.
While the lowering of Wnt signaling can enhance the survival of ISPCs in response to DNA damage, the elevation of Wnt signals appears to be beneficial for the regenerative phase following the acute damage (Zhou et al, 2013).
In conclusion, we identified TLR4 as a cellular sentinel for acute renal damage that subsequently controls the induction of an innate immune response.
Moreover, these findings support the idea that the function of TLRs extends beyond host defense against invading pathogens; TLR4 seems to be a cellular sensor for acute renal damage that controls innate immunity and tissue integrity.
The influence of the number of irradiating laser pulses and of particle size and concentration on the threshold for acute cell damage was determined.
Increasing the concentration by a factor four from 0.6·10 particles/ml to 2.4·10 particles/ml halves the threshold for acute cell damage (Table 1).
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