Garlic, onions, leeks, and chives have been reported to protect against stomach and colorectal cancers, although evidence for a protective effect against cancer at other sites, including the breast, is still insufficient.
PPV provides protection against presumptive pneumococcal pneumonia [OR = 0.46 (0.25–0.84)], but the evidence for a protective effect against all-cause pneumonia is inconclusive [ 17].
Dr. Katz, of Yale, agreed that "there are many reasonable biological mechanisms" for a protective effect from chocolate.
Habauzit, V. & Morand, C. Evidence for a protective effect of polyphenols-containing foods on cardiovascular health: an update for clinicians.
Herein, we use meta-analysis to assess the evidence for a protective effect of phytoestrogens on ovariectomized rat models of osteopenia.
The transverse temporal cortex showed a trend (P =.02, but did not survive Bonferroni correction) for a protective effect (Cohen d value = 0.15) of ε2.
Other vaccines for which there to support for a protective effect against pneumonia include pertussis, varicella, and measles.
However, we found evidence for an effect modification by age at diagnosis, with a trend for a protective effect of siblings in 0 4 year olds, while 5 9 year olds with older siblings had an increased risk of ALL.
The objective of this study is twofold: to provide credible evidence for a protective effect regarding the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and to show how the legal and social context may influence the strength of such an effect.
A proposed mechanism from animals studies for a protective effect of ALA on incident ischemic stroke is that ALA would be neuroprotective after induced ischemia, by beneficially affecting the brain blood flow [14].
The ε4 allele is strongly associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) [14], [25], [26], [27], [28], while for the ε2 allele there is some, though weaker, evidence for a protective effect [29], [30].
