Although it may be argued that the temperature at which the frogs were infected here was not optimal for a potent immune response, the fact we observed many immune genes down-regulated and not just unchanged compared to control animals (at the same temperature) is indicative of a more complex phenomenon linked to the infection.
The polymeric nature of FliC filaments intrinsically provides the key feature needed for stimulating a potent TI response, so we wanted to test its ability as a vaccine scaffold for TI antigens.
For instance, BPA caused a strong response in the heart, whereas NP caused a more potent response in skeletal muscle.
This is the first study that identifies E2 as the critical determinant of SAV low-temperature dependent virion formation and defines the prerequisites for induction of a potent immune response in Atlantic salmon by DNA vaccination.
This study for the first time have investigated the immunological properties of NSPCs following a virus infection (JEV infection) and have hypothesized how these cells may signal to T-cells for development of a potent immune response against virus infection.
The complement factor B, an element of the complement system which bridges the innate and adaptive immunity with a critical importance for the generation of a potent humoral response [30] was also inhibited throughout the infection in iWT frogs (−1.63 fold, day 7 and −3.33 fold, day 42; Table S1, Figure 2A).
IFN-γ is important for the development of a potent antitumour response (Ogawa et al, 1998).
In this animal model, transcutaneous infection of the animals with cercariae before the intravenousinjection of Schistosoma eggs some weeks later was required for PAH development, suggesting that a potent inflammatory response in the lungs due to prior sensitization is necessary to elicit PAH, more than the mere embolization of eggs in the lungs [ 25, 26].
