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In CV, value elicitation is whole-product based by asking respondents to express their maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for a given improvement of a public good provision level (e.g., cleaning up a lake) or for public goods aspects of a market good (e.g., eco-labeled goods) [44,63].
Using the validated FACT-F instrument, we observed that for a given improvement in haemoglobin, an equivalent decrease in fatigue is observed with both darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa.
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Its slope ( varDelta {a}_2^A/varDelta {a}_1 ) shows that for respondents like patient A, a given improvement in quality of life indicated by activities of daily living would have to be offset by a relatively large loss of life years.
Adjustment for such factors would help us to understand why the observed inequities exist, but data are not available from the private sector, we have no information on willingness, and although data on comorbidities are available it is unclear what would make a patient an unsuitable candidate for surgery given improvements in modern anaesthesia, surgical techniques, and prosthesis survival.
As there is no correct or well-accepted value of Z for a given clinical improvement, we tested a range of Z values from 0 to $100,000.
There is robust evidence from parallel instrumentation studies that, for a given health improvement, the utility gain when measured using the SF-6D is significantly smaller than when measured by the EQ-5D [ 41].
The curves plot the proportion of costs and effects ratios that are cost effective for a range of monetary values that the decision maker is willing to pay for a given health outcome improvement (in this case per cancer detected).
While the actual level of wood density will vary by site, the change in wood density for a given level of genetic improvement is assumed to be constant across all sites.
This can be compiled into a highly optimized library for a given platform providing an improvement in speed.
When hospitals intrinsically value quality as in Fig. 2, they tend to accept more cost increase in return for a given level of quality improvement.
This merger standard accepts a higher cost increase for a given level of quality improvement than the TW standard and, in this way, can waive socially undesirable, costly mergers.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com