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In relation to efficiency in delivery, while it may be theoretically possible to significantly increase student numbers for a given course when it is delivered online (Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) being a case in point) these efficiency 'gains' may be offset by compromises in relation to quality (Brown & Carasso, 2013; Fisher, 2006).
Note, however, that the derivation of these relationships (Vip≥Vg, error catastrophe at Vg≈Vip, and proportionality between Vg and Vip for a given course of evolution) is based on the existence of two-variable distribution function P(x = phenotype, a = gene), and the postulate that single-peaked distribution is maintained throughout evolution, which is not trivial.
As efforts to reform and transform undergraduate science courses mount, assessments send a clear message to students regarding the learning expectations for a given course and, as such, may play a critical role in helping students rebuild epistemologies that better align with disciplinary practices.
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The Rotation model is any time students rotate on a fixed schedule between online learning and other modalities for any given course.
The laboratory-based participants were paid $5 or given course credit for a 30-min visit to the laboratory.
This may then have an effect on the fairness and validity of any subsequent assessment of participation, when it is considered as part of the total grade for a given EFL course.
While all three sections of the course were treated differently at a single point in time and for a given topical course component, all students were afforded the same opportunity to participate in various activities and assessments throughout the semester.
The timecourse data were then zero-transformed (the value for each element at day 0 for a given time course was subtracted from the rest of the values for that element within that time course).
Therefore, we used leaf squares from a single leaf for a given time course experiment.
Following an additional two-hour serum deprivation with serum-free medium (SFM), cells were exposed to IGF-1 at a given dose and for a given time course, which was directly followed by cell lysis.
For each CHD risk marker, the highest p-value for a given life course model was chosen as the best fitting model, unless the p-value for the 'no effect' model was >0.05, indicating that there was no association between socioeconomic position at any time period with that cardiac outcome.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com