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All of these exports could be produced using far less water, says Hoekstra, who pioneered the water footprint concept.
In addition, the carbon footprint concept also often includes the emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, nitrous oxide, or chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
Since the early 1990s, in the planning and execution of their flux measurement campaigns, micrometeorologists have used the footprint concept to determine site quality with respect to both fetch and surface homogeneity.
The carbon footprint concept is related to and grew out of the older idea of ecological footprint, a concept invented in the early 1990s by Canadian ecologist William Rees and Swiss-born regional planner Mathis Wackernagel at the University of British Columbia.
This paper defines the carbon footprint concept in relation to water resources the carbon emissions generated by acquiring one cubic meter of water and estimates the carbon footprints for several water resource projects including China's south-to-north water diversion project and desalination plants in the UAE.
A similar approach is the carbon footprint concept [ 70], which aims to quantify the carbon emission related to the final consumption of products (e.g. food).
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This study, a first of its kind, demonstrates that integration of water pinch analysis coupled with water footprint concepts, provides a robust and effective tool for the manufacturing industries that aim for sustainable water consumption.
As cities try to lower their carbon footprints, the concept of transforming brownfield sites into 'eco-precincts' has gained substantial traction.
For many association members, "reducing the carbon footprint is a new concept, and there is some resistance to the idea, largely based on the idea that carbon reduction in travel is primarily a marketing trend," said Susan Gurley, the group's executive director.
In this first column, Lenzen explores opportunities to extend the concept of footprinting through new application areas, a broader scope of repercussions, wider geographic reach and increased opportunities for collaboration using the latest in data analysis and computational technologies.
The concept of "footprinting" generally refers to techniques that probe macromolecular surface changes upon complex formation of two or more molecules, by modifying solvent-exposed surfaces.
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