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Flightless hesperornithiforms seem to have swam by powerful foot propulsion, somewhat like modern cormorants.
In these cases, weight bearing and foot propulsion on the first and second metatarsal ray should be preserved in order to avoid postoperative sequelae including painful overuse syndrome, transfer metatarsalgia and osteoarthritis of tarsal metatarsal joints.
By eliminating a complex pedal arrangement in favour of the Fred Flintstone method of foot propulsion, the Cozy Coupe could be offered at a low price with features like an opening door, front wheels on casters, and a moveable steering wheel.
Detailed kinematic data on avian foot propulsion is extremely sparse.
2) From a comparative bio-mechanical perspective, little is known about the hydrodynamic mechanism of avian foot propulsion.
The kinematics of foot propulsion during holding position near the bottom has, to the best of our knowledge, not been studied previously.
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Temporarily stripped of its twin tubular, eighteen-foot propulsion units, the Galileo sat on concrete blocks and a dolly under the gaze of a large portrait of Cosmo Kramer that was hung high on the workshop wall.
Thus, during forward swimming "drag-based" foot-propulsion actually utilizes hydrodynamic lift as the major source of forward thrust.
The descent phase contained several elements, which corresponded to a change in the foot-propulsion cycle and intensity (Fig. 6 and Fig. 8D).
Foot-propulsion in ducks has been considered as drag-based swimming because the webbed feet move backwards relative to the body in the opposite direction of forward locomotion.
The sequence of these elements was consistent with known foot-propulsion behavior during descent, which changes in periodicity and intensity of movement with depth [22].
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