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Our results provide evidence that both selection and development influence patterns of foot morphology, implying a complex history of morphological evolution in the group.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the ontogenetic trajectories of foot morphology in European Hydromantes to determine what forces may have shaped patterns of morphological evolution.
However, despite reports of poor foot health, the influence of obesity and overweight on adult foot morphology has received limited attention.
Harris mat and pedobarographic analyses were employed to assess static and dynamic foot morphology and plantar loading in 40 Māori and NZC diabetic and non-diabetic participants.
The objective of this work is to accurately and appropriately quantify the foot morphology of adults who are overweight and obese.
Three decades since their discovery, not only is the question of their attribution still discussed, but marked differences in interpretation concerning the footprints' qualitative features and the inferred nature of the early hominin foot morphology remain.
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We first considered whether talon morphology was primarily affected by diet, but the strong overlap in typical prey choice among raptor families (see Supporting Information Text S1) which exhibit disparate talon and foot morphologies led us to conclude that talon morphology is generally not indicative of diet.
Moreover, the ontogenetic trajectories of the different species resulted in a clear convergence from different juvenile foot morphologies toward a shared adult morphology with extensive webbing.
Such ontogenetic convergence was unexpected, as a study of tropical plethodontids found that different growth trajectories resulted in divergent adult foot morphologies among species [ 27].
Therefore, in contrast to tropical plethodontids whose differing growth trajectories resulted in divergent adult foot morphologies, the ontogenetic trajectories of European Hydromantes have converged on a common adult phenotype.
Furthermore, bipedalism could also affect the hand morphology by means of correlated developmental responses dues to changes in the feet morphology [12], [39].
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