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The main results are as follows: Item of Fascination 'This place has fascinating qualities' and item of Being away 'Being here is like an escape experience' correlate (r = 0.760, p < 0.05) in areas BS, AM, AK, CO, CL, CP, CN, O, BJ, AR, AE, BÕ (See Figure 1.
a The origin of items were as follows: Item 3, 5, 6, 13, 20, 23 and 28 came from short form of Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) and were translated to Swedish by Lander.
The inter-rater reliability for each of the 8 PSRS items was calculated (interclass correlation) to be as follows: item 1 – 0.83; item 2 – 0.68; item 3 – 0.66; item 4 – 0.70; item 5 – 0.67; item 6 – 0.78; item 7 – 0.76 and item 8 – 0.68.
This questionnaire has several subscales and we analyzed subscales as follows: item 1-3 (10-point-Likert scales), item 4 (four figures of pain symptom variation), item 5 (yes/no to symptoms of radiating pain), item 6 (average value of seven 5-point-Likert scales) as well as a total painDETECT score.
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However, following Brown [ 25], a further item selection was performed as follows: items were excluded if they loaded on more than one factor (i.e., cross-loadings), or if they showed small loadings on all factors (i.e., low communalities).
The review of these research papers is reported in the follows items.
The review of the previous models is reported in the follows items.
The review of this model is reported in the follows items.
Patients completed the GIC during Visit 2. The responses on the GIC were grouped as follows: items −3 to −1: worse, item 0: almost the same, and items 1 to 3: better.
Following item testing and Rasch analysis, 32 items were reduced to 17 (Table 1).
Following item reduction, scaling assumptions were met satisfactorily for the 4 multi-item scales and most items.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com